Intolerance in Nigeria Essay

ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationship amidst theology and sustainable ripening, as well as the role of Nigerian intellectuals in ameliorating unearthly crisis in the country. morality, as a system of faith is ground on belief in the piece of music of a particular God or deitys, to some extent, influences or contri preciselyes in developing and coordinating the port of the capacities latent in human nature for the go on of the society.All the elements that made up the resources originating from human be expressed in their actions, behaviour and workaday activities, either in positive and constructive shipway, or in a negative and destructive ways, curiously with respect to their inherent power to generate appraise by leveraging other exertion variables for sparing growth and training. Empirical results obtained, using descriptive analysis approach, advise that faith plays an important role in shaping the moral and social values necessary for development .establish on these findings, some recommendations atomic number 18 offered which include Re-examine education policies in the light of its plowsh be to soul growth and to bring about fundamental structural changes in society, changes which be necessary for the creation of a just, peaceful, and harmonious environment, hence teachers and other intellectuals must be a mildew of nobility, selfactualization and discipline, since sound character is last to a greater extent important than intellectual brilliance.. Keywords righteousness, Economic growth, Amelioration, Tolerance and Intellectuals.INTRODUCTION A devotion can be broadly described as a set of common belief and practices slackly held by a group of people. Oxford L understander Dictionary described religion as a system of faith that is ground on belief in the existence of a particular God or gods. fit in to Oke, Oloruntimehin and Akinola (1996), it is generally accepted by social scientists that peoples ghostlike be liefs and their social organizations are closely interrelated. They quoted Emile, as noned that religion is a social artifact symbolizing what a society considers sacred and the around sacred thing to any society is the society itself.In view of this, religion provides an organized go for of the universe and establishes a more or less orderly relationship between man and his surroundings. untimely economists and other researchers have paid little attention to any link between religion and frugal development, rather it is seen as something personal between man and his God. The early relationship between religion and economic was open up by Marx, who was of the opinion that the strength of an deliverance would influenced a religion or belief. However, the like of ooze Weber, an eminent sociologist of early 20th century was of contra opinion.According to him, the source of the growth of the western economy is religion, especially the reformation of protestant and its doctrine a bout 40 Religion and Economic culture the Role of Nigerian Intellectuals Saheed, Zakaree S. and Alofun, G. O. O. simplicity and moral responsibility to work (Skousen, 2007). Weber Marx (1930), believe that capitalism originated from phantasmal ideals and not historic materialism. Specifically, the protestant reformation teachings changed the western culture, and led to the rise of capitalism, which in turn led to the growth and development of their economy.Islam as a religion as well as play a positive role in the development of the Arab society and transformed it to such a remarkable extent that it not only oercame its own handicaps but similarly brought about a revolutionary change in the societies that came under its influence (Charpra, 1998). Barro and McCleary (2003) suggested that higher order of religious beliefs stimulate growth because they help to sustain the aspect of individual behaviour that enhances productivity. The higher procedure of church or mosque attendan ce, for instance, tends to depressed growth because it signifies a greater use of esources including land, buildings and other capital, by the religious sector. However, that suppression of growth is tempered by the extent to which church or mosque attendance leads to greater religion beliefs, which in turn encourages economic growth. In Nigeria, traditional communities are essentially religious. In these communities, religion is human relationship establish because it governs the peoples lineage or family relationships it governs the doctrine of collective responsibility and forms the basis of the family, which in turn is the canonical unit of social control.Indeed, religion is so important in the society as a form of social control because of peoples adherence to religion, whether traditional, Christian or Islam (Ikporukpo, 2001), which are the recognized religions in Nigeria, though the last both are more pronounced. Christianity and Islam, especially have a great influence on the daily lives of Nigerians, and plays a significant role in the socio-political and economic development.According to Nwite and Wilson (2010), churches in Nigeria has contributed immensely to the economic development of the country through investment in different sectors of the economy like real e earth, capital market, shopping complex and schools. The essence of economic and human development be health, for which life expectancy is taken as a reasonable gauge knowledge, which is expressed as a combination of literacy rates and average years of schoolings and per capital income (Lynn, 2001).Any effort put forward towards the development of these determining factors would amount to stirring the economy towards development. Given the foregoing, the paper proposes to critically examine/analyses i. The contribution of religion to the education sector in Nigeria. ii. The role of religion in the development of health sector in Nigeria. iii. The role of religion towards creation of l ine opportunities in Nigeria. iv. The role of religion and Nigerian Intellectuals in socio-ethnic crisis in Nigeria.To this end, the paper is organized into five sections. Following this introduction is section II, which focuses on conceptual issues. Section troika discusses the role of religion on economic development in Nigeria. Section IV analyses the role of religion on socio-ethnic crisis in Nigeria, while section V summarises the findings and offer constitution recommendation. 41 Journal of amicable Science and Public Policy Volume 3, celestial latitude 2011 CONCEPTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT There are different conceptions of development.First, it could be viewed as the development of the mind in which case the humanity of man is no longer suppress to nature, but has transcended the confines of nature to progressively understand the whole of the knowledge base in order to be able to develop from it an environment which is around suitable for him. Moreso, economic development me ans sustained and sustainable growth per capita income, accompanied by diversification of production, reduction in absolute poverty, and expanding economic opportunities for all citizens (Lynn, 2003).The commentary implies an economic growth which can be maintained over a long period of time. Moreso it requires diversification of economic activities so that the nation can be producing variety of goods and services, with the economy gradually progressing from primary, to secondary and consequently to tertiary economy. This should be able to create an expanding opportunities for people to make a choice of work and earn income through which they can improve their lives and able to participate in the social life of the society.Most importantly, there should be reduction in the level of absolute poverty in the country. The conception of development similarly connote growth with changes, which usually demands significant structural transformation within a country, and that includes the reorganization and change of direction of the economic and social systems, radical arrangements in installations and administrative structures, as well as reorientations in commonplace attitudes, customs and belief (Ogunkola and Egwaikhide, 2001). In contemplating development, more than access to goods and services is at stake.As such, in bill level of development, the Physical Quality of Life (PQL) is considered, and it is equal weighting of an infant mortality rate, life expectancy, and basic literacy. However the United Nations ripenings version of development measurement refers to as Human Development Index (HDI) incorporates an income measure. All these elements considered in measuring the level of development of a nation are overmaster of level of development of the health and educational sectors, where the eligious sectors in Nigeria has contributed, as can be seen in the sanctum Scriptures. For instance Both religions in Nigeria, that is, Christianity and Islam recog nize that the created universe is subjected to man for the enrichment and fulfillment of his life (Quran 4512-13, 1432-34 and Genesis 126-28). More so, contrary to the view that religion only emphasis faith and not works, the Bible and Quran invite men to labour and action (Quran 13 11, 2275 and Exodus 209, Proverbs 163, 2. Thessalonians 310).All the elements that made up the resources originating from human are expressed in their actions, behaviour and daily activities, either in positive and constructive ways, or in a negative and destructive ways (Zainun, 2006), especially with respect to their inherent power to generate value by leveraging other production variables for economic growth development. In carrying out development activities, religion provides some code of norms and obligations which subject man to regulations necessary for the progress of the society. 2 Religion and Economic Development the Role of Nigerian Intellectuals Saheed, Zakaree S. and Alofun, G. O. O. The R ole of Religion in Nigerian Economic Development Religion has contributed much to development of human race, and it will be totally absurd to ignore the contributions of religion, especially Christianity and Islam. Both religious communities have become the key determinants of report and destiny of the nation, and its vast population, as well as deciding the course of development and building of the nation.Religion is given a reasonable degree of recognition by governments of Nigeria and some other countries as a major factor determining the stability of a nation. The roles of religion in economic development are more pronounced in the educational and health sectors, as well as creation of job opportunities. The Role of Religion in Educational Sector in Nigeria Education is a continuous and imaginative process which aimed at developing the capacities latent in human nature, and coordinate their expression for the enrichment and progress of ociety, by equipping students with whole stepual, moral and material knowledge. Education in terms of the knowledge, qualities, skills, attitudes and capacities that enable individuals to become conscious subjects of their growth and active responsible participants in a systemic process of building a new world order. In Nigeria, Christian missions pioneered the establishment of primary and secondary schools, and ever since then the two religions, that is, Christianity and Islam, have played a significant role in the establishment of schools in Nigeria.As the primary schools and their products multiplied, secondary schools were established to satisfy the demand for higher education. The Catholic Missionary Society (CMS) established the C. M. S. Grammar School in Lagos in 1859, followed by the Methodist Boys High School in 1879 and St. Gregorys College, established by the Catholic in 1881. It is on this foundation that secondary schools education has rested in Nigeria (Olurode, 1999). Many other religion based secondary sch ools later emerged.These include, Ahmadiyya Grammar School, Anwar-Ul-Islam Grammar School, St. Theresa College, Islamic High School, Ebira Muslim Community College among many. The religious sector in Nigeria is also involved in establishment of higher institutions, to enhance government effort towards educational development. Among the religion based private higher institutions in Nigeria are listed in table 1. 0 below Table 1. 0 Some religion based private higher institutions in Nigeria S/N Institution 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 8.Bowen University, Iwo-Osun put forward Fountain University, Osogbo- Ondo differentiate Founder/Sponsor The Baptist NASFAT Islam Bishop Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo Anglican Churches Oyo state Al-Hikama University, Ilorin Kwara State Islamic Foundation (AROIF) and company of Muslim Youth (WAMY) Redeemer University, Lagos state The Redeemed Churches Wesley University of Technology, Ondo The Methodist churches State. Covenant University, Lagos state Living re ligious belief Church World 43 Journal of Social Science and Public Policy Volume 3, December 2011 . 10. Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Osun state Christ Apostolic Church VERITAS University (Catholic University of The Catholic Churches Nigeria), Abuja. Source Culled by the authors from lists of private universities in Nigeria The constituent of Religion to the Health Sector in Nigeria The spread of western ideas including medicine and social welfare also owed much to the advent of religion in Nigeria. According to Olurode (1997), by the end of the nineteen century, the hospital was as effective as the school.By 1914, some(prenominal)(a) missions had established hospitals such as the C. M. S. Iyi Enu Hospital near Onitsha, the Wesley buy the farm Hospital in Ilesha, the Baptist Hospital in Ogbomosho and the Sacred Heart Hospital of the Society for African Missions in Abeokuta. Missionary involvement had, as its aim, the eradication of superstitious beliefs about such diseases as smallpox. In Yoruba land, for instance, the god of smallpox shoponna had a strong hold on the people which took western medicine, specifically vaccines to break.Even where Jewish-Orthodox medicine failed, some religion has been playing a significant role to proffer spiritual resolution to cure illness. The Role of Religion and Nigerian Intellectuals on Socio-ethnic Crisis in Nigeria According to UNHCR (2008) as quoted by Saheed and Alofun (2010), since 1999, more than 10,000 Nigerians have been killed and more properties worth billions of naira have been destroyed in sectarian and communal attacks and reprisals between Muslims and Christians. The most serious of these clashes occurred in Kaduna state in February and May 2000, and November 2002 Jos, Plateau state inSeptember 2001 Kano state and Yelwa, Plateau state between February and May, 2004 and in the Union and southeastern Nigeria in the wake of the controversy over depictions of the Prophet Muhammad in the Danish press in February 2006. Table 2. 0. Some of the Religious Crises in Nigeria in the last one decade Date Events Victims Sept. 2001 July, 2007 Sept. 2007 Dec. 2007 Dec. 2008 July, 2009 cerise clashes between Muslims and Christians in 3,000 people killed Jos, Plateau state.Violent clashes between Sunni and Shia Muslims over 5 people killed the murder of a Sunni cleric in Sokoto thigh-slapper in the northern state of Kano 19 people killed Three churches burned in the northern state of 10 people killed Bauchi Violent clashes over disputed election result which 400 people killed degenerated into religion crisis in Jos, Plateau state Two days battle with radical Islamists in two northern 150 people killed cities of Yobe and Bauchi Source Culled by the Authors from the records of UNHCR, GlobalSecurity. org and Mail and Guardian online, 2009 44Religion and Economic Development the Role of Nigerian Intellectuals Saheed, Zakaree S. and Alofun, G. O. O. All these events, as shown in table 2. 0 above, have a negative effect on Nigerian economy in terms of capital and loss of lives, especially men or human resources with high productivity potentials. In each of these events the role of Nigerian intellectuals calls for question. In the two widely acknowledged religions in Nigeria, that is, the Christianity and Islam, the attracters are intellectuals who are well educated, many of whom are holders of various degrees ranging from bachelor, to masters and even doctorate.They are very influential among their followers and the conferences. Their words are like policy within that congregation. They are leaders who are supposed to articulate an ideological vision congruent with late held value of the country. They are supposed to engage in alignment, with interpretive orientations such that the countrys interest, value and belief as well as these religions activities, goals and ideology becomes congruent and complementary. Universal education must be relevant to he true needs of a com munity and contribute to the unification of mankind, in such a way that it will enable the people to yarn-dye in the direction of their own chosen field and help them appreciate those universal qualities that distinguish the human race (Saheed, 2008). However, a situation where construe between two people in a community degenerated into communal clashes that claimed several lives, or members of congregation dispersed from their places of worship and created anarchy in the street, then the impact of the message of such religion leader becomes questionable.Is it a sermon of peace or hatred? CONCLUSION AND POLICY ISSUES Religion, especially Christianity and Islam, to some extent, has contributed to economic development either indirectly, by influencing and coordinate the expression of the capacities latent in human nature for the progress of the society, and by shaping the moral and social values necessary for development, or directly by its contribution to the growth of the educati onal and health sectors in Nigeria.However, religious intolerance among the people which often lead to crisis claiming several lives and destruction of properties has a negative impact on Nigerian economy. Adherents of the religious communities, to some extent, have upset focus of their responsibility towards nation building, and are embraced vices such religious fanaticism or intolerance and its resultant problems such as unending intensive strives, fight of superiority, loss of human and material resources.To promote religious tolerance towards national development, the religious communities in Nigeria must wake up to their responsibilities in home so that the problem of moral decadence plaguing the nation will radically reduced. Since many Nigerian families are liner the pangs of unemployment, inability to pay their children and wards school fees among other hardships, the religious bodies should resume their pioneering work in the area of health, education, pains and vocatio nal training to assist the nation, especially in the area of human development.Education should be examined in the light of its contribution to individual growth and to bring about fundamental structural changes in society, changes which are necessary for the creation of a just, peaceful, and harmonious environment, hence teachers and other intellectuals must be a model of nobility, self-actualisation and discipline, since sound character is ultimately more important than intellectual brilliance. A well educated community 45 Journal of Social Science and Public Policy Volume 3, December 2011 ember is a determined yet humble participant, who helps overcome conflict and division thereby contributing to a spirit of unity and collaboration. Therefore, Nigerian education, like a universal education, must be relevant to the needs of the Nigerian communities and contribute to the unification of the people of Nigeria, regardless of their religion and race. It must enable the people both to move in the direction of their choice and help them appreciate those universal qualities that distinguish the entire human race. honorable mention Barro, J. B. and McClear, R. M. 2003), Religion and growth, Havard University Press, U. S. A Ikporukpo, C. O. (2001). Government, Society and Economy. Ibadan Stirling-Horden Publishers (Nig. ) Ltd. Lynn, S. R. (2003). Development Economics World. New Jersey Upper Saddle River conjecture and Practice for a Divided Nwite, S. C. and Wilson, A. (2010). Churches in Nigeria and Investment Strategies Problems and Prospect. Book of Abstract. Second World Congress on Research and Development, University of Ibadan. Oke, F. A. , et al. (1996). Introduction to Social Institutions. 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